武汉大学硕士学位论文《中印生育行为影响家庭暴力的经济学分析》
Master’s Thesis from Wuhan University: Fertility and Domestic Violence: An Economic Study between China and India

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文章基本情况
Basic Information

作者 / Author
杨景媛 / Jingyuan Yang

学号 / Student ID
2021201050035

指导教师 / Advisor
郭汝飞（副教授）/ Rufei Guo (Associate Professor)

学科、专业名称 / Discipline & Major
理论经济学、世界经济 / Theoretical Economics & World Economy

研究方向 / Research Focus
地区国别经济 / Regional and Country Economics

完成时间 / Completion Date
二〇二四年五月 / May, 2024

摘要
Abstract

根据世界卫生组织的调查，全球有近 35% 的女性经历过家庭暴力。经济学中有关家庭暴力的文献，着重分析了就业、收入、受教育水平等因素对家庭暴力的影响。本文率先研究了生育对家庭暴力的影响。基于一个夫妻间的合作博弈模型，本文发现生育会增加夫妻间合作均衡的租值，并降低妻子的外部选择价值，从而引致丈夫对妻子施加更多的家庭暴力。为了检验该理论，本文基于中国妇女地位调查与印度家庭与健康调查的微观数据，进行双重固定效应回归发现：首先，在中印，生育水平的上升都显著导致了家暴发生率的增多。其次，该影响在中国乡村有更明显的体现；而在印度，城镇影响要大于乡村影响。最后，随着时间推移，生育对家暴的影响在不断降低，中国的城乡差异也在减少；但在印度，高种姓的降低水平明显更快。

为了识别生育对家庭暴力的因果效应，本文基于中国妇女地位调查与印度家庭与健康调查的微观数据，构建了拟面板数据，运用事件研究法，发现女性生育子女之后会遭受更多的家庭暴力。具体而言，在生育后的第一年和第二年，家暴发生率的上升并不明显，但在第三年和第四年家暴发生率有明显上升，该效应可以持续到生育后的第七年及以后。该效应在农村地区有更为持久的体现。

进一步，本文研究了生育影响家庭暴力的经济学机制。基于本文的理论模型，生育主要是通过降低女性的外部选择价值，从而引致更多的家庭暴力。为了检验这一理论机制，本文估计了女性生育后就业概率下降的幅度，即劳动力市场上的“母职惩罚”，以衡量女性生育后外部选择价值的下降。本文计算了中国与印度国内不同地区的母职惩罚强度，发现在母职惩罚较高的地区，生育会带来更多的家庭暴力，这一结果在中国与印度都成立。

此外，本文还讨论了中国文化背景以及印度种姓制度等因素所起的作用：发现在中国，传统文化盛行的地区，生育对家暴的影响会更大，而宗族文化较强的地区，子女性别对是否家暴有显著影响；同时在印度，生育使得高种姓群体的家暴率显著下降。本文首次探究了生育通过影响女性劳动参与率，进而导致家暴增多的作用渠道。关注了母职惩罚对家暴的影响，同时强调了生育支持的重要性，有助于更好的治理家暴问题并改善女性生育福利。

关键词：生育；家庭暴力；母职惩罚；社会规范

According to a survey by the World Health Organization, nearly 35% of women worldwide have experienced domestic violence. Economic literature on domestic violence has primarily focused on analyzing the impact of factors such as employment, income, and education level on domestic violence. This thesis pioneers the investigation of the effect of fertility on domestic violence. Based on a cooperative game model between spouses, this thesis finds that fertility increases the rental value of cooperation equilibrium between spouses and reduces the wife’s outside options value, leading to more domestic violence by the husband. To test this theory, the thesis conducts two-way fixed-effects regressions based on microdata from the Chinese Women’s Status Survey and the the National Family and Health Survey of India. The findings reveal that an increase in fertility significantly leads to higher rates of domestic violence in both China and India. Additionally, this impact is more pronounced in rural areas of China, while in India, the urban influence outweighs the rural influence. Over time, the influence of fertility on domestic violence decreases, and the urban-rural disparity in China diminishes. However, in India, the decline in high caste levels is significantly faster.

To further identify the causal effect of fertility on domestic violence, this thesis constructs pseudo-panel data based on microdata from the Chinese Women’s Status Survey and the National Family and Health Survey of India. By employing an event study approach, the findings reveal that women experience more domestic violence after giving birth to children. Specifically, there is no significant increase in the rate of domestic violence in the first and second years after childbirth, but there is a noticeable increase in the third and fourth years, and this effect can persist until the seventh year and beyond, especially in rural areas.

Furthermore, this thesis examines the economic mechanism through which fertility influences domestic violence. Based on the theoretical model, fertility mainly leads to more domestic violence by reducing the external options value of women. To test this theoretical mechanism, the thesis estimates the magnitude of the decrease in women’s probability of employment after fertility, known as the “Child Penalty” in the labor market, to measure the decline in the outside options value of women after childbirth. The thesis calculates the intensity of the Child Penalty in different regions of China and India and finds that in regions with higher Child Penalties, fertility leads to more domestic violence, a result that holds true in both China and India.

In addition, this thesis discusses the role of factors such as Chinese cultural background and the Indian caste system. It is found that in regions where traditional culture prevails in China, the influence of fertility on domestic violence is greater, while in regions with strong clan cultures, the gender of children has a significant impact on whether domestic violence occurs. Meanwhile, in India, fertility leads to a significant decrease in the domestic violence rate among high-caste groups. This thesis explores for the first time the role of fertility in increasing domestic violence through its impact on women’s labor force participation rates. By focusing on the impact of the motherhood penalty on domestic violence and emphasizing the importance of fertility support, this thesis contributes to better governance of domestic violence issues and improves women’s reproductive welfare.

Keywords: Fertility; Domestic Violence; Outside Option; Social Norm